Are Serial Killers Born or Made? A Deep Dive into the Nature vs. Nurture Debate.
The question of whether serial killers are born or made has been one of the most debated topics in criminology and psychology. This question lies at the intersection of genetics, environment, and the complex psychology of human behaviour. Serial killers have terrified societies for centuries, leaving a wake of broken families, haunted communities, and baffled law enforcement. But what drives these killers? Is it something inherent, embedded in their biology from birth? Or is it the result of external circumstances, trauma, and the environment in which they are raised?
This debate, known as the “nature versus nurture” debate, has far-reaching implications, not just for understanding the psychology of serial killers, but for developing strategies to prevent future crimes. In this article, we will explore both sides of the argument to understand whether serial killers are born with an inherent propensity for murder or shaped by the conditions of their upbringing and life experiences.
The "Born" Argument: Genetic Predisposition and Psychological Factors
One of the strongest arguments for the idea that serial killers are born is the claim that certain psychological and genetic factors predispose individuals to commit violent acts. Proponents of this view often point to the role of genetics and brain abnormalities in shaping violent behaviour.
Genetic Influence and Brain Structure
One of the most compelling pieces of evidence suggesting a genetic predisposition to violent behaviour comes from studies examining the biological and neurological traits of serial killers. Numerous studies have shown that certain individuals are born with brain abnormalities or genetic markers that make them more prone to aggression, impulsivity, and a lack of empathy. For example, some researchers have pointed to the presence of certain genetic variants—like the MAOA gene, sometimes referred to as the "warrior gene"—which has been linked to aggressive behaviour in men when combined with environmental stressors such as childhood abuse.
Another important area of focus is the structure of the brain. Studies have found that some serial killers have abnormal brain function in areas responsible for controlling emotions, making moral decisions, and inhibiting violent impulses, such as the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. One famous example is the case of Richard Ramirez, the notorious “Night Stalker.” Experts have suggested that Ramirez's brain function may have been altered by a combination of genetics and early head injuries, leading to a lack of empathy and a diminished ability to feel remorse for his crimes.
Psychopathy and Sociopathy
Another argument for the idea that serial killers are born is the link between psychopathy and violent behaviour. Psychopaths and sociopaths, often classified under the umbrella term of "antisocial personality disorders," are individuals who exhibit a lack of empathy, guilt, or remorse, as well as manipulative and impulsive tendencies. Many notorious serial killers, such as Ted Bundy, Jeffrey Dahmer, and John Wayne Gacy, have been diagnosed with these disorders.
Psychopaths are often considered to be born with their condition, as opposed to it being the result of their upbringing. Studies suggest that individuals with psychopathy may have a genetic predisposition to a lack of emotional response to others’ pain or distress. This lack of empathy can make it easier for such individuals to commit violent acts without feeling the guilt or remorse that would deter others.
Dr. Robert Hare:
"Psychopaths are individuals who are characterized by a complete lack of empathy, guilt, or remorse for their actions. They do not experience the normal emotional responses that the rest of us do, which allows them to commit heinous acts without the usual moral restraints. In many cases, they view their actions as justified or even necessary, and this belief can become a driving force in their behaviour."
— From "Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us"
However, the genetic argument is not conclusive. Critics point out that not all individuals with the MAOA gene or brain abnormalities become serial killers, suggesting that biology alone cannot fully explain the emergence of violent tendencies. While genetics may play a role, it is not the sole determining factor in the development of a serial killer.
The FBI has conducted extensive research on serial killers, particularly through its Behavioral Science Unit (BSU), which has worked to create profiles of serial offenders. One of the key figures in this research is former FBI agent John E. Douglas, who helped pioneer the study of criminal profiling. In his book, "Mindhunter: Inside the FBI’s Elite Serial Crime Unit," Douglas outlines his findings about the psychology of serial killers and how they perceive their actions. The FBI’s general stance on the nature of serial killers reflects both biological and environmental factors.
A famous quote from the FBI’s Behavioral Science Unit (BSU) sums up their view on this complex issue:
FBI Behavioral Science Unit:
"There is no single profile for a serial killer. Each offender is unique, but many share certain characteristics, such as a history of childhood trauma or abuse, which may contribute to their violent behaviour. The urge to kill often becomes a compulsion for these individuals, and they may not be able to stop themselves, viewing their actions as part of their identity or a personal mission."
— From the FBI's Behavioral Science Unit, as cited in “Mindhunter: Inside the FBI’s Elite Serial Crime Unit” by John E. Douglas and Mark Olshaker
This statement aligns with the idea that while serial killers often experience an internal compulsion to kill, their backgrounds—including experiences of trauma or abuse—are critical in understanding the development of their violent tendencies. The FBI stresses that serial killers typically don’t see themselves as being "evil" or "uncontrollable" in the same way others might. Instead, they may view their murders as a part of their identity or as something that is inevitable due to their psychological makeup and life experiences.
The FBI’s research suggests that the "urge to kill" often becomes a self-reinforcing cycle, where the killer cannot stop due to the psychological pleasure or release they experience, making their killings seem almost like an uncontrollable compulsion.
The "Made" Argument: The Role of Environment and Upbringing
On the other hand, the argument that serial killers are made—rather than born—points to the critical role of environmental factors, especially early childhood experiences and trauma, in shaping behaviour. Proponents of this view argue that, while some individuals may be genetically predisposed to violence, it is the specific life experiences they have that ultimately determine whether they become violent offenders.
Childhood Abuse and Trauma
A significant body of research has shown that many serial killers have experienced severe abuse or neglect in their formative years. Studies have found that childhood abuse, whether physical, emotional, or sexual, can have a profound impact on an individual’s development, often leading to a heightened risk of violent behaviour later in life. This was certainly true for many notorious serial killers.
Take, for example, the case of Ed Gein, the “Butcher of Plainfield.” Gein’s childhood was marked by a strict and abusive relationship with his mother, who instilled in him a distorted view of women. Gein’s trauma was compounded by the death of his mother, after which he began exhuming bodies and eventually killing. His horrific acts of murder and mutilation were thought to be the product of deep psychological scars from a childhood of repression, neglect, and abuse.
Similarly, Ted Bundy’s childhood is often cited as an example of how environmental factors can contribute to the making of a killer. Bundy had a seemingly normal childhood, but it is believed that his relationship with his domineering mother, coupled with his later struggles with identity and rejection, contributed to his violent tendencies. He later claimed that his hatred of women and the desire to exert power over them were rooted in experiences of early rejection.
Serial killers such as Gary Ridgway, the “Green River Killer,” and John Wayne Gacy also had troubled childhoods, marked by neglect, abuse, and dysfunctional family dynamics. These early experiences appear to have shaped their violent tendencies and distorted views of women, leading them to commit their grisly murders.
Social and Environmental Factors
In addition to childhood trauma, social and environmental factors play a crucial role in shaping individuals' behaviour. A lack of positive role models, social isolation, and a history of criminal activity in the family can all contribute to an individual's likelihood of becoming a serial killer. This was the case for Richard Ramirez, whose upbringing in a violent and abusive household was compounded by his exposure to violent media and his early fascination with Satanism.
The idea that serial killers are shaped by their environment also points to the role of opportunity. Many serial killers—such as the infamous Zodiac Killer—took advantage of specific environmental circumstances that allowed them to carry out their crimes. A lack of community support, social services, and mental health resources can also create conditions in which individuals with violent tendencies are allowed to go undetected for years, enabling their killing sprees.
Reconciling Nature and Nurture
The question of whether serial killers are born or made may not have a definitive answer. Instead, it may be that both factors—genetics and environment—play an intricate role in the development of serial killers. The debate over nature versus nurture is not black and white but rather a spectrum, with different factors coming into play in different cases.
In some instances, genetics may provide a predisposition to violent behaviour, but it is only through a specific set of environmental factors—such as childhood abuse, trauma, or exposure to violence—that these predispositions manifest as violent acts. Conversely, some individuals may be born with a neurobiological makeup that makes them more susceptible to violence but may never act on these impulses due to positive environmental influences or interventions.
When a Serial Killer Believes They Are Evil: The Psychological Triggers and Uncontrollable Urge to Kill
One of the most chilling aspects of serial killers is when they perceive themselves as being inherently evil or beyond redemption. These individuals often view their violent actions as inevitable, believing that they cannot control their impulses or stop themselves from killing. This mindset can stem from a combination of psychological factors, trauma, and even a sense of identity. For these killers, the act of murder may become not only a compulsion but a defining part of who they believe themselves to be.
The Role of Psychopathy and Dissociation
A key psychological element in serial killers who believe they are inherently evil is psychopathy, which is characterised by a lack of empathy, guilt, or remorse. Psychopaths often have a distorted sense of reality, seeing their victims as mere objects or obstacles to be removed rather than as real people. For these individuals, the act of murder may be seen as a means to an end or a release from an internal struggle.
In some cases, these killers may experience dissociation—where they mentally detach from the act of murder, seeing it as something that is happening to someone else or as an almost out-of-body experience. This state of dissociation allows them to kill without feeling the typical emotional or moral restraints that would affect most people. This detachment can reinforce their belief that they are unable to stop themselves, as they may feel as if they are not fully responsible for their actions.
The "Killer" Identity: Internalising Violence
For some serial killers, the identity of being a “killer” becomes intertwined with their sense of self. This can be the result of long-term psychological conditioning, where they begin to view murder not as a crime but as an essential part of who they are. Serial killers who engage in repetitive killing often come to see their actions as a calling or a duty. They may even experience a sense of pride or power in their ability to control life and death.
Ted Bundy, for example, famously referred to his killings as being something he had no control over, describing the experience as a ‘thrill.’ His public persona as a charming, intelligent individual was at odds with the horrific crimes he committed, but in his mind, the violence was an intrinsic part of his nature that he could not escape. Bundy, like many serial killers, often rationalised his actions by telling himself that he was "compelled" to kill, reinforcing his belief that he had no other choice but to fulfil his gruesome urges.
Similarly, Richard Ramirez, the "Night Stalker," believed he was under the influence of Satan, which gave him the justification to carry out his killing spree. Ramirez's mental state suggests that a combination of deep psychological disturbance, a warped religious belief, and an internalised “killer” identity drove him to believe that his actions were not only acceptable but divinely ordained.
Trigger Points: The Moment the Killer Strikes
The transformation from a normal person to a serial killer is often gradual, but there are specific moments or triggers that push an individual over the edge. These triggers can vary greatly from one killer to another, but some common elements can be identified.
Powerlessness or Loss of Control: Many serial killers, especially those with psychopathic tendencies, experience a deep need to feel powerful or in control. If they feel threatened or powerless in their lives—whether due to social rejection, emotional abuse, or failure—they may begin to fantasise about taking control in more extreme ways. The act of murder may become a means of asserting dominance over those they perceive as weaker or vulnerable.
Example: The case of John Wayne Gacy illustrates how a loss of control and frustrations about his sexuality and position in society led to a terrifying need to dominate others. His killings gave him a sense of power and control that he couldn’t find in other aspects of his life.
Emotional or Sexual Deprivation: For many serial killers, the urge to kill becomes linked to a deep sense of emotional or sexual deprivation. The need to exert power over their victims or to satisfy perverse sexual fantasies may be so overwhelming that they believe they cannot control it. These feelings of frustration or rage can reach a boiling point, triggering the killer into committing their first murder and setting off a deadly cycle of killings.
Example: Gary Ridgway, known as the "Green River Killer," was driven by his violent sexual fantasies. His victims were typically prostitutes whom he could dominate and kill without consequence. Ridgway himself believed that he had to kill in order to stop feeling the urge, creating a cycle of death that lasted for decades.
Escalating Desensitisation: For many serial killers, the first murder is often followed by a sense of exhilaration, power, or relief. This can lead to desensitisation, where the killer becomes numb to the moral implications of their actions. The emotional high from their first killing may diminish with time, prompting them to kill again in search of the same feeling. This process can make it easier for the killer to justify their actions and convince themselves that they cannot stop.
Example: Dennis Rader, the BTK Killer, explained how the killing gave him a sense of excitement and satisfaction. Over time, he became more brazen and compulsive in his killings, even going as far as to taunt police with letters and messages, which reinforced his belief that he was in control and could not stop.
Psychotic Breaks or Delusions: Some serial killers experience psychological breaks or delusions that push them to believe that killing is a necessary or unavoidable act. In some cases, these killers believe that their victims are "evil" or that they are fulfilling a mission, whether religious or personal. The idea of being "chosen" or "ordained" to kill can feel like a compulsion that they cannot fight, further fuelling their belief that they have no control over their actions.
Example: David Berkowitz, the "Son of Sam," famously claimed that his neighbour’s dog ordered him to kill, framing his murders as part of a supernatural command. His delusions gave him an external justification for his killings, making him feel less responsible for the violence.
The Sense of Impotence: The Killer's Struggle with Self-Control
Serial killers who believe they cannot prevent themselves from killing often describe their actions as being a form of "relief" or "release" from an internal struggle. This feeling of impotence or inability to control their urges can become all-consuming, pushing them to continue killing despite the obvious consequences.
In cases like that of Albert DeSalvo, the Boston Strangler, the killer often feels trapped in a cycle of violence. DeSalvo, who confessed to killing 13 women, often claimed that he felt a compulsive need to kill, driven by an overpowering urge. Even after his capture, he expressed a sense of helplessness, as though he was unable to control his darker impulses.
A Killer’s Belief in Their Own Evil
Serial killers who believe they are inherently evil or beyond redemption represent some of the most psychologically complex and disturbing figures in criminal history. Their belief that they cannot prevent themselves from killing is often the result of a combination of psychological trauma, brain abnormalities, and personal delusions. These killers may view their murders not as crimes, but as inevitable acts of fate, driven by a compulsion they cannot escape.
Understanding these psychological triggers and the mindset of the killer is crucial for both law enforcement and the public. It is only through a deeper understanding of the motivations and thought processes of serial killers that we can better identify early warning signs, prevent further killings, and ultimately stop these individuals before they become predators. The interplay of nature and nurture, combined with the psychological struggles that drive these killers to act, is a key area of study in the ongoing effort to prevent serial killings from occurring.
The debate over whether serial killers are born or made is a complex and nuanced one. While some aspects of violent behaviour may be rooted in genetics and brain function, the environment in which a person grows up plays a critical role in shaping their actions. It seems likely that both nature and nurture work together to create the conditions that can lead to the emergence of serial killers. Understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental factors is key to developing more effective prevention and intervention strategies to stop such killers before they strike.
Ultimately, this debate continues to evolve as our understanding of human behaviour grows. However, one thing is clear: the lives lost to serial killers are a tragic reminder of the devastating consequences of both nature and nurture, and the need for a society that works to intervene early in the lives of those at risk.
